Tag Archives: kerala

In the Line of Fire/Between Man and God

Theyyam– An individual attaining a divine state of existence as a living god and morphing into a power that provides solutions for mans mental and physical problems is something that sets Theyyam apart and above all the other ritual art forms in India. –Shreekanth Trikaripur

To say that I am obsessed with Theyyam would be grossly understating my relationship with this unique ritual, and the emotions that I experience in its presence. During a visit to Cochin on the Malabar Coast of India in 2014, I first became aware of this annual ceremony that takes place in northern Kerala between November and April .Since then I have been returning to Kannur every two years . What can explain the magnetic draw which compels me to leave my beautiful guest house before sunrise every morning at three-thirty and again at six in the evening.? The unspoiled stretches of deserted beaches which draw visitors to spend days on end lying in the sun, only vaguely aware that such a powerful event is happening so close to them, is not my first priority. (Although we do enjoy a long walk and swim after returning hot and sweaty from the morning Theyyam) Is it the intense drumming that pulsates through my body as six or seven drummers vigourously pound out the rhthms that will help induce the trance that the Theyyam will experience in order to inhabit the body of a deity? Or is it the depth of emotion that can be seen and felt as the villagers approach the deities for blessings and advice, truly believing with all their heart that they are speaking directly to a god? Or could it be the gracious welcome with which the locals accept strangers and non-believers to this very intimate and emotional observance? I think it is all of these.

The ceremonies are a way for villagers to receive blessings for their temples and to consult directly with a god who can answer their questions and offer advice. They take place before sunrise and sunset in the courtyard surrounding a village shrine. There is a strict regimen to be followed for the Theyyam performer,-the prayers, face and body painting and the costumes. I arrive early so I can watch the preparation of the performers and become immersed in the entire process. Enormous physical and mental stamina is required both to wear and dance in the costumes, which can easily weigh fifty pounds or more, and to withstand the heat of the fires that some of the deities will endure. This tradition is passed from father to son, and although some of the thirty-five deities represented are women,performers are always men.

These rituals are being transformed with the changing times. At the weekend ceremonies there was a contingent of big city Indian tourists with expensive cameras around their necks, pushing and shoving their way to the front, blocking the view of others. They were more interested in getting that one “great shot” than the sacredness of the moment. A French woman held her selfie stick which went off with a flash in front of the eyes of one Theyyam in the midst of his deep concentration to achieve the trance like state necessary. Theyyam ritual is not a performance and should not be reagrded as such no matter how elaborate or spectacular it may be. I have heard talk of a tour company wanting to open a theater and bring in paying tourists to watch the “spectacle”. This purification and benediction ritual can only be experienced in its original venue with the local community. If it is isolated and performed out of context it loses its significance and power. True performers are dedicated to their roles as bearers of tradition and will perform only in kaavus (village temples).

Will the next generation of young men continue to have interest in maintaining this tradition or will they be lured into working in Abu Dhabi and Bahrain where many of their contemporaries go to earn high salaries?

My prayer as I leave Kannur is that this beloved ritual survives in its pure form for many years to come.

NB: For more information on Theyyam you can read some of my previous blog posts- Bonfire of the Deities, Burning Man Kerala and Seized by the Gods

Behind the Curtain/India Exposed

You won’t be able to take photos or watch the make up preparation, but to see the Theyyam Bagavathi Muttilotu is an experience not to be missed. She is one of the most powerful goddesses and the performer cannot eat meat, drink alcohol or have sex for forty one days beforehand. She stays behind a curtain and doesn’t come out until ready to receive the headdress. For some people it is scary because she can be unpredictable and start yelling and gesturing aggressively.

Kurian, my Theyyam authority, and owner of Costa Malabari Guest House in Kannur, explained this to me in an earnest tone. I have been coming here ever since I was first exposed to Theyyam in 2014.

Theyyam is an ancient ritual practiced in the Malabar region of southern India and is performed exclusively by men who manifest the deities and goddesses while in a trance-like state. The ritual started out as a practice of the lower castes and later became absorbed into Hindu culture as a way of communicating directly with deities.

Malabar village shrines are dedicated to a particular deity and an annual ritual or festival is sponsored either by a family or the priests, and is open to the greater community at large.Theyyam season is between November and May. The more powerful Theyyam deities can attract thousands of worshippers to the ceremonies.

At nine in the morning we started out for the first village. It was later than usual because the ceremonies, which usually start at sunrise, had been going on all night. Plastic tarps were set up as booths , carnival style, to sell the various trinkets- plastic toys, balloons,bangles and other assorted useful objects which the attendees would inevitably buy. Bollywood music, interspersed with adverts for travel agencies, hair growth clinics and “fancy dress” shops, bellowed out of two loudspeakers positioned just outside the kavu ( sacred area around the shrine). It was early and we were among the first to arrive. I always like to have time for the villagers to become comfortable with our presence.

My flip flops, already muddied with the moist red dirt, and traces of the many people who had trampled over them, were placed outside the entrance to the shrine, and I hoped I would be able to find them again after the crowds stormed through. I attempted (vainly) to sparkle as much as the Rajasthani women and wore my best gold dangly earrings, bangles and mangal sutra ( Rajasthani marriage necklace).

Gerald and Richard had set their backpacks on the red plastic chairs in the front row to save the best seats. It wasn’t until later, when an old lady snarled at him did he realize they were in the women’s section, and had to move.

I immediately rushed over to the costume/make up preparation area. Each one of the eight deities that would be represented has a unique costume and intricate face painting design which can take hours to complete. After four hours in the tropical heat,watching the six drummers feverishly lead the deities into trance, and the mesmerizing dancing of the Theyyam, I was exhausted. We had seen four deities and there were four more getting ready. As the sun baked into my skin, even with the sensory overload of these rituals I knew that I absolutely had to go to the next village where Bhagavati would be the grand finale.

As we arrived at the next shrine- a much bigger venue with hundreds of people already milling about in the temple grounds, the anticipation was palpable. As in the other village we were the only non-Indians and were given a place of honor so that we could to see better.

An old man with bloodshot eyes- probably from too much toddy-approached me.

Bagavathi is a powerful goddess, coming soon. She will make you cry, I do.

I was anxious for the finale after waiting almost two hours .We had rushed to get there by 2 pm and my eyes were glued to the curtain covering the place where Bagavathi was preparing, waiting to see some movement that would indicate an appearance. The only food I had eaten was a packaged ice cream bought from a vendor. Although we were invited to share the feast that was prepared for the masses at each shrine, I had politely refrained from eating and drinking, knowing that the toilet facilities would be suspect. But there was no way that I would even think of leaving before seeing what I had come for.

A bonfire had been smoldering for hours. Suddenly the temple priests and attendants started running over the hot coals and encircling the shrine. A swell of women and men charged across the temple grounds to the corner where Bagavathi was ready to receive her headdress. I didn’t know whether I should join them or stay put in my prime viewing position. The women next to me kept on squeezing me in in order to make room for a badly misshapen young man, lying on a mat behind me. They pointed to a woman standing nearby who I assumed was his mother, and she motioned that she wanted him to be blessed when Bagavahti passed by. I knew if I left there would be no returning.

Fearful that if I stayed I might miss the action, I ran over, just in time to see Bagavathi, in brilliant red headdress and huge skirt,flaming torches in both hands. Worshippers were pushing and shoving to get close enough to pass their arms through the flames, a sign of receiving her blessings.

And then just like that it was all over.

The car was quiet on the way back to our guesthouse. A small window had been opened , exposing one of the many sides of Incredible India.

Seized by the Gods

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Pullurkali

December 13

The sound of the waves crashing on the shore lulls me to sleep, but it is a fitful sleep. I am anxious for the day to begin, and wake up before the 3:00 am alarm.

We are in Kannur, six hours up the Malabar Coast from Kochin, and known for Theyyam ritual. It is performed during the annual festival of village temples in the region. Dancers who become “possessed” by a particular deity go into a trance and take on their persona. Once the deity has entered the body of the Theyyam dancer, the priest and the temple are blessed, thus purifying it for the coming year. This ritual is important for the spiritual and physical well being of the community, and the whole village pays for the temple and its maintenance

Theyyam is a unique supernatural event which allows villagers to have direct personal contact with a deity. It is interesting that only the “Untouchable ” caste is permitted to perform this ritual. Training starts at an early age,and is passed down through the male line in the family.

The ritual requires enormous physical and mental stamina. Elaborate headdresses can be over thirty feet tall, makeup can take from three to four hours to apply and metal anklets weighing two to three pounds each, are worn.

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Preparing the make up

We arrive at 4:30 am and everyone is fast asleep in the courtyard surrounding the temple, where the ceremony will take place. There is a tent structure set up- called “the green room”,considered a sacred space for the dancers to prepare themselves. I peek in and one of the performers, with face make-up,is snoring loudly.

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calm before the storm

After thirty minutes the frenzy of preparation begins. There are to be three deities manifested today and two are goddesses. The drumming begins and out comes a fierce looking Pullurkali (Kali),with an enormous headdress sporting sixteen flaming torches and four more are hanging from the grass waistband of her skirt. Dancing starts off slowly with drummers and dancer encircling the two shrines. The face has metal fangs on each side, which look terrifying, and I find myself recoiling when “she” gets too close. The ritual goes on for about one hour and at the end, villagers line up to talk with the deities, ask questions and get blessed.

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Goddess Pullurkali

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Villagers lining up to speak to the deity

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The. Goddess Pullurkaii with flaming headdress

Very few villagers have come at such an early hour, yet the air feels charged with energy.

We arrive at the next village at 5:00 pm (rituals start at sunrise and sunset), just in time for an unseasonal monsoon downpour.

When the rain ends twenty minutes later, the temple attendants clean out the water that has accumulated in the courtyard, with thick burlap bags. Many more villagers are here for this ritual then were this morning, and the mood is quite festive. An ice cream truck has arrived and parks on the temple grounds. Women and children are dressed in their finest clothes.

Tonight the deities are Ilamkaruvam (Vishnu), and Poothadi (Shiva).The dancing is more vigorous with both dancers battling each other with bow and arrows and sticks. Body make up is applied as well as on the face.

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Deities Ilankaruvam and Poothudi

Turmeric, rice paste and lime are mixed to make the colors, and the paint is applied with a coconut palm reed as a brush.

The next morning we go to a simple roadside temple and it is the most personal. Watching the villagers line up to speak to the “gods” with such earnest expressions is an awe inspiring experience.

Illamkaryvam and Muttapan

Illamkaryvam and Muttapan

The God Thiruvappan

The Deity Thiruvappan

Tonight is our last ritual in yet another village. Lights are strung up around the temple grounds and garlands of marigolds hang from the buildings. It is obvious by the level of decoration that this is a wealthier community. We are offered food and snacks and told they are expecting five hundred people. Tomorrow is the climax of the three day ritual, but unfortunately we have to go back to Kochin.

A line of villagers forms on both sides of the seated deity, asking for blessings and advice, men on one side women on the other. Meanwhile, Golikan,(another deity)with long,black hair flying around, appears, held upright by an attendant on each arm. Immediately he starts dancing in front of the fire of burning branches- spinning and yelling. He moves so quickly it is hard to keep him in sight. I am mesmerized.

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Golikan at night

Illanparuvam and Poothoodi

Illanparuvam and Poothoodi

We are warmly welcomed to participate,  people wanting us to come back for the big twenty four hour finale. Of all the things I have experienced in my life so far, this has to be one of the most spectacular and fascinating.

Incredible India!

Spirits in the Night/Shirtless in Kochin

December 10

Mr. Walton, our venerable guesthouse owner,was deep in conversation with a young journalist from Bombay as we arrived. “Tonight is the Negro spirit candle lighting.  It is something you should see. He then gave her a printout of a newspaper article describing the ritual.  My curiosity was piqued.

Portuguese colonialists maintained a brutal stronghold on the native population in Kochin starting in the mid 1500’s, and in 1663 were attacked by the Dutch.  The wealthy, in an effort to preserve their treasure, came up with a sadistic scheme; build niches in a cement wall, put African slaves with the gold in them, and then mortar it closed .

Centuries later, a mythical figure, Kapiri Mattupan, became the incarnation of these martyred slaves.  People of all religions pay homage and ask favors of the spirit by lighting candles and leaving offerings at small shrines in the city on Tuesdays and Fridays.

We look for a rickshaw driver willing to take us to the place described. At first he looks at us with a puzzled expression when he sees our directions, but when we say “Kapiri Muttapan”, he gives a knowing smile.

It is now 6:30pm and the sun has set.  In the darkness we see a very small shrine built into the wall. No one is there, but seven or eight candles are burning inside, and fresh flowers.  I get out of the rickshaw, light the candle I have brought with me, and say a silent prayer as I place it beside the others.  Meanwhile, a group of women pass by and acknowledge the shrine with bowed heads, and touch their lips and heart.

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Kapiri Muttapan Shrine in Kochin

With a little prodding from me, our driver asks the ladies where they are going,all dressed up.  We learn there is a Shiva festival starting at a nearby Hindu temple  Off we go.

The temple is ablaze with neon lights and a big crowd has gathered in the courtyard.  One of the Brahmin attendants motions for us to take off our shoes and enter. A huge brass candelabra tower is being lit with ghee lamps.  I walk inside toward the shrine, but when G follows, they point at him and say “no”.  After many gesticulations on their part, and questioning looks on ours, we realize the problem.  Men have to remove their shirts!

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Lighting the tower at the Shiva temple

Huge drums are beating wildly and a long horn-like instrument is being played.  An attendant rings a bell as we all wait for the shrine door to open.  I am pushed forward in order to have a better view. When the frenzy of music comes to a climax, the door opens.  Again the ladies push me near the priest so I can get blessed with the holy water. In the courtyard a stage has been set up and two tabla players and singers have started a performance of religious songs. A woman who speaks some English tells me that in a few hours the men will pierce their checks and tongues with nails.

It’s been quite an evening already, and the thought of such  a sight doesn’t thrill me, as much as I like unusual rituals.  Also, the singing is screechy and monotonous. I want to go back to the tranquility of our little cottage

Just another day in India.